NC7202 WIRELESS ADHOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS

NC7202 WIRELESS ADHOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS

UNIT I        ADHOC NETWORKS AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Ad hoc Wireless Networks –What is an Ad Hoc Network? Heterogeneity in Mobile Devices –Wireless Sensor Networks – Traffic Profiles – Types of Ad hoc Mobile Communications – Types of Mobile Host Movements – Challenges Facing Ad hoc Mobile Networks – Ad hoc wireless Internet . Issues in Designing a Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks – Classifications of Routing Protocols – Table–Driven Routing Protocols – Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) – Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) – Cluster Switch Gateway Routing (CSGR) – Source–Initiated On– Demand Approaches – Ad hoc On–Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) – Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) –Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) – Signal Stability Routing (SSR) – Location–Aided Routing (LAR) – Power–Aware Routing (PAR) – Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP).

UNIT II      MULTICAST ROUTING AND SECURITY

Issues in Designing a Multicast Routing Protocol – Operation of Multicast Routing Protocols – An Architecture Reference Model for Multicast Routing Protocols –Classifications of  Multicast Routing Protocols – Tree–Based Multicast Routing Protocols– Mesh–Based Multicast Routing Protocols – Summary of Tree and Mesh based Protocols – Energy–Efficient Multicasting – Multicasting with Quality of Service Guarantees – Application – Dependent Multicast Routing – Comparisons of Multicast Routing Protocols - Design Goals of a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad hoc Wireless Networks –Classification of Transport Layer Solutions – TCP over Ad hoc Wireless Networks- Security in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks – Network Security Requirements – Issues and Challenges in Security Provisioning – Network Security Attacks – Key Management – Secure Routing in Ad hoc Wireless Networks. 

UNIT III      QoS AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Issues and Challenges in Providing QoS in Ad hoc Wireless Networks – Classifications of QoS Solutions – MAC Layer Solutions – Network Layer Solutions – QoS Frameworks for Ad hoc Wireless Networks Energy Management in Ad hoc Wireless Networks – Introduction – Need for Energy Management in Ad hoc Wireless Networks – Classification of Energy Management Schemes – Battery Management Schemes – Transmission Power Management Schemes – System Power Management Schemes. 

UNIT IV  SENSOR NETWORKS – ARCHITECTUREAND MACPROTOCOLS

Single node architecture – Hardware components, energy consumption of sensor nodes, Network architecture – Sensor network scenarios, types of sources and sinks, single hop versus multi-hop networks, multiple sinks and sources, design principles, Development of wireless sensor networks. , physical layer and transceiver design consideration in wireless sensor networks, Energy usage profile, choice of modulation, Power Management - MAC protocols – fundamentals of wireless MAC protocols,  low duty cycle protocols and wakeup concepts, contention-based protocols,  Schedulebased protocols - SMAC, BMAC, Traffic-adaptive medium access protocol (TRAMA), Link Layer protocols – fundamentals task and requirements, error control, framing,  link management. 

UNIT V SENSOR NETWORKS – ROUTING  PROTOCOLS  AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

Gossiping and agent-based uni-cast forwarding, Energy-efficient unicast, Broadcast and multicast, geographic routing, mobile nodes, Data-centric routing – SPIN, Directed Diffusion, Energy aware routing, Gradient-based routing – COUGAR, ACQUIRE, Hierarchical Routing – LEACH, PEGASIS, Location Based Routing – GAF, GEAR, Data aggregation – Various aggregation techniques. Introduction to TinyOS – NesC, Interfaces, modules, configuration, Programming in TinyOS using NesC, Emulator TOSSIM

REFERENCES: 

1. C. Siva Ram Murthy and B. S. Manoj, “Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Architectures and Protocols”, Prentice Hall, PTR, 2004. 

2. C. K. Toh, “Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks Protocols and Systems”, Prentice Hall, PTR, 2001. 3. Charles E. Perkins, “Ad Hoc Networking”, Addison Wesley, 2000. 

4. Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli and Taieb Znati, “ Wireless Sensor Networks TechnologyProtocols and Applications”, John Wiley & Sons, 2007. 

5. Feng Zhao, Leonidas Guibas, “Wireless Sensor Networks: an information processing approach”, Else vier publication, 2004. 

6. C.S.Raghavendra Krishna, M.Sivalingam and Tarib znati, “Wireless Sensor Networks”,   Springer publication, 2004. 

7. Holger Karl , Andreas willig, “Protocol  and Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks”,  John wiley publication, Jan 2006.

8. K.Akkaya and M.Younis, “ A Survey of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks”, Elsevier Adhoc Network Journal, Vol.3, no.3,pp. 325-349, 2005. 

9. Philip Levis, “ TinyOS Programming”, 2006 – www.tinyos.net. 

10.I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: a survey”, computer networks, Elsevier, 2002, 394 - 422. 

11.Jamal N. Al-karaki, Ahmed E. Kamal, “Routing Techniques in Wireless sensor networks: A survey”, IEEE wireless communication, December 2004, 6 – 28.

CP7023 RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTING

CP7023 RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTING

UNIT I          DEVICE ARCHITECTURE

General Purpose Computing Vs Reconfigurable Computing – Simple Programmable Logic Devices – Complex Programmable Logic Devices – FPGAs – Device Architecture - Case Studies. 

UNIT II RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTING ARCHITECTURES AND SYSTEMS

Reconfigurable Processing Fabric Architectures – RPF Integration into Traditional Computing Systems – Reconfigurable Computing Systems – Case Studies – Reconfiguration Management. 

UNIT III PROGRAMMING RECONFIGURABLE SYSTEMS

Compute Models - Programming FPGA Applications in HDL – Compiling C for Spatial Computing – Operating System Support for Reconfigurable Computing. 

UNIT IV       MAPPING DESIGNS TO RECONFIGURABLE PLATFORMS

The Design Flow - Technology Mapping – FPGA Placement and Routing – Configuration Bitstream Generation – Case Studies with Appropriate Tools. 

UNIT V    APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT WITH FPGAS

Case Studies of FPGA Applications – System on a Programmable Chip (SoPC) Designs.

REFERENCES: 

1. Maya B. Gokhale and Paul S. Graham, “Reconfigurable Computing: Accelerating Computation with Field-Programmable Gate Arrays”, Springer, 2005. 

2. Scott Hauck and Andre Dehon (Eds.), “Reconfigurable Computing – The Theory and Practice of FPGA-Based Computation”, Elsevier / Morgan Kaufmann, 2008. 

3. Christophe Bobda, “Introduction to Reconfigurable Computing – Architectures, Algorithms and Applications”, Springer, 2010.

AP7016 SYSTEM ON CHIP DESIGN

AP7016 SYSTEM ON CHIP DESIGN

UNIT I LOGIC GATES

Introduction. Combinational Logic Functions. Static Complementary Gates. Switch Logic. Alternative Gate Circuits. Low-Power Gates. Delay Through Resistive Interconnect. Delay Through Inductive Interconnect. 

UNIT II COMBINATIONAL LOGIC NETWORKS

Introduction. Standard Cell-Based Layout. Simulation. Combinational Network Delay. Logic and interconnect Design. Power Optimization. Switch Logic Networks. Combinational Logic Testing. 

UNIT III SEQUENTIAL MACHINES

Introduction. Latches and Flip-Flops. Sequential Systems and Clocking Disciplines. Sequential System Design. Power Optimization. Design Validation. Sequential Testing. 

UNIT IV SUBSYSTEM DESIGN

Introduction. Subsystem Design Principles. Combinational Shifters. Adders. ALUs. Multipliers. HighDensity Memory. FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays. Programmable Logic Arrays. References. Problems. 

UNIT V FLOOR-PLANNING

Introduction, Floor-planning Methods – Block Placement & Channel Definition, Global Routing, switchbox Routing, Power Distribution, Clock Distributions, Floor-planning Tips, Design Validation. Off-Chip Connections –Packages, The I/O Architecture, PAD Design. T

REFERENCES: 

1. WayneWolf, “Modern VLSI Design – System –on – Chip Design”, Prentice Hall, 3rd Edition 2008. 

2. WayneWolf, “Modern VLSI Design – IP based Design”, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition , 2008.

DS7301 SPEECH AND AUDIO SIGNAL PROCESSING

DS7301 SPEECH AND AUDIO SIGNAL PROCESSING

UNIT I MECHANICS OF SPEECH AND AUDIO

Introduction - Review Of Signal Processing Theory-Speech production mechanism – Nature of Speech signal – Discrete time modelling of Speech production – Classification of Speech sounds – Phones – Phonemes – Phonetic and Phonemic alphabets – Articulatory features. Absolute Threshold of Hearing - Critical Bands- Simultaneous Masking, Masking-Asymmetry, and the Spread of MaskingNonsimultaneous Masking - Perceptual Entropy - Basic measuring philosophy -Subjective versus objective perceptual testing - The perceptual audio quality measure (PAQM) - Cognitive effects in judging audio quality. 

UNIT II TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS: FILTER BANKS AND TRANSFORMS

Introduction -Analysis-Synthesis Framework for M-band Filter Banks- Filter Banks for Audio Coding: Design Considerations - Quadrature Mirror and Conjugate Quadrature Filters- Tree-Structured QMF and CQF M-band Banks - Cosine Modulated “Pseudo QMF” M-band Banks - Cosine Modulated Perfect Reconstruction (PR) M-band Banksand the Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT) Discrete Fourier and Discrete Cosine Transform - Pre-echo Distortion- Pre-echo Control Strategies.

UNIT III AUDIO CODING  AND TRANSFORM CODERS

LosslessAudioCoding-LossyAudioCoding- ISO-MPEG-1A,2A,2A Advaned , 4A udioCoding - Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain - Perceptual Transform Coder -Brandenburg-Johnston Hybrid Coder - CNET Coders - Adaptive Spectral Entropy Coding -Differential Perceptual Audio Coder - DFT Noise Substitution -DCT with Vector Quantization -MDCT with Vector Quantization. 

UNIT IV TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN METHODS FOR SPEECH PROCESSING

Time domain parameters of Speech signal – Methods for extracting the parameters :Energy, Average Magnitude – Zero crossing Rate – Silence Discrimination using ZCRand energy Short Time Fourier analysis – Formant extraction – Pitch Extraction using time and frequency domain methodsHOMOMORPHIC SPEECH ANALYSIS: Cepstral analysis of Speech – Formant and Pitch Estimation – Homomorphic Vocoders. 

UNIT V LINEAR PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH

Formulation of Linear Prediction problem in Time Domain – Basic Principle – Auto correlation method – Covariance method – Solution of LPC equations – Cholesky method – Durbin’s Recursive algorithm – lattice formation and solutions – Comparison of different methods – Application of LPC parameters – Pitch detection using LPC parameters – Formant analysis – VELP – CELP. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Digital Audio Signal Processing, Second Edition, Udo Zölzer, A John Wiley& sons Ltd Publicatioons 

2. Applications of Digital Signal Processing to Audio And Acoustics       Mark Kahrs, Karlheinz Brandenburg, KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, L ONDON , MOSCOW 

3. Digital Processing of Speech signals – L.R.Rabiner and R.W.Schaffer - Prentice Hall –1978

DIGITAL AUDIO SIGNAL PROCESSING, 2ND EDITION (English) 2 2nd Edition

CU7002 MEMS AND NEM

CU7002 MEMS AND NEMS

UNIT I OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION

New trends in Engineering and Science: Micro and Nanoscale systems Introduction to Design of MEMS and NEMS, Overview of Nano and Microelectromechanical Systems, Applications of Micro and Nanoelectromechanical systems, Microelectromechanical systems, devices and structures Definitions, Materials for MEMS: Silicon, silicon compounds, polymers, metals 

UNIT II MEMS FABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Microsystem fabrication processes: Photolithography, Ion Implantation, Diffusion, Oxidation. Thin film depositions: LPCVD, Sputtering, Evaporation, Electroplating; Etching techniques: Dry and wet etching, electrochemical etching; Micromachining: Bulk Micromachining, Surface Micromachining, High AspectRatio (LIGA and LIGA-like) Technology; Packaging: Microsystems packaging, Essential packaging technologies, Selection of packaging materials 

UNIT III MICRO SENSORS

MEMS Sensors: Design of Acoustic wave sensors, resonant sensor, Vibratory gyroscope, Capacitive and Piezo Resistive Pressure sensors- engineering mechanics behind these Microsensors. Case study: Piezo-resistive pressure sensor 

UNIT IV MICRO ACTUATORS

Design of Actuators: Actuation using thermal forces, Actuation using shape memory Alloys, Actuation using piezoelectric crystals, Actuation using Electrostatic forces (Parallel plate, Torsion bar, Comb drive actuators), Micromechanical Motors and pumps. Case study: Comb drive actuators 

UNIT V NANOSYSTEMS AND QUANTUM MECHANICS

Atomic Structures and Quantum Mechanics, Molecular and Nanostructure Dynamics: Shrodinger Equation and Wavefunction Theory, Density Functional Theory, Nanostructures and Molecular Dynamics, Electromagnetic Fields and their quantization, Molecular Wires and Molecular Circuits 

REFERENCES: 

1. Marc Madou, “Fundamentals of Microfabrication”, CRC press 1997. 

2. Stephen D. Senturia,” Micro system Design”, Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001 

3. Tai Ran Hsu ,”MEMS and Microsystems Design and Manufacture” ,Tata Mcraw Hill, 2002. 

4. Chang Liu, “Foundations of MEMS”, Pearson education India limited, 2006, 

5. Sergey Edward Lyshevski, “MEMS and NEMS: Systems, Devices, and Structures” CRC Press, 2002

AP7015 OPTICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

AP7015 OPTICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

UNIT I      FUNDAMENTALS

Coherance and light source – optical image formation – Franhoufer diffraction – Single slit – double slit circular aperture – double aperture gratings – 1D and 2D lens aperture – Interference. 

UNIT II FOURIER SERIES AND TRANSFORM

Fourier series – Fourier coefficients – optical and crystal diffraction gratings – Fourier series formulation – Fourier transform and single slit diffraction – grating pattern – Fourier transform of light waves – correlation. 

UNIT III          OPTICAL IMAGING AND PROCESSING

Incoherent optical imaging – transfer function – coherent optical imaging – periodic and non periodic objects – optical transform – Holography – coherent and incoherent optical processing. 

UNIT IV IMAGE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

X – ray computed tomography – reconstruction by simple back projection – iterative reconstruction – analysis methods – magnetic resonance imaging – Ultrasonic computed tomography. 

UNIT V   APPLICATIONS

Michelsons stellar interferometry – spectral interferometer – fringe visibility and spectral distribution – partial coherence and correlation – Fourier transform spectroscopy – Synthetic aperture radar – Intensity interferometer – Imaging by holographic techniques. 

REFERENCES: 

1. E.G. Stewart, “Fourier Optics an Introduction”, 2nd Edition, Ellis Harwood limited, Chichester, 1987. 2. Dror.G. Feitelson, “Optical Computing”, MIT press, Cambridge, 1988.

CP7030 ROBOTICS OBJECTIVES

CP7030      ROBOTICS OBJECTIVES

UNIT I LOCOMOTION AND KINEMATICS

Introduction to Robotics – key issues in robot locomotion – legged robots – wheeled mobile robots – aerial mobile robots – introduction to kinematics – kinematics models and constraints – robot maneuverability 

UNIT II ROBOT PERCEPTION

Sensors for mobile robots – vision for robotics – cameras – image formation – structure from stereo – structure from motion – optical flow – color tracking – place recognition – range data 

UNIT III MOBILE ROBOT LOCALIZATION

Introduction to localization – challenges in localization – localization and navigation – belief representation – map representation – probabilistic map-based localization – Markov localization – EKF localization – UKF localization – Grid localization – Monte Carlo localization – localization in dynamic environments 

UNIT IV MOBILE ROBOT MAPPING

Autonomous map building – occupancy grip mapping – MAP occupancy mapping – SLAM – extended Kalman Filter SLAM – graph-based SLAM – particle filter SLAM – sparse extended information filter – fastSLAM algorithm 

UNIT V PLANNING AND NAVIGATION

Introduction to planning and navigation – planning and reacting – path planning – obstacle avoidance techniques – navigation architectures – basic exploration algorithms 

REFERENCES: 

1. Roland Seigwart, Illah Reza Nourbakhsh, and Davide Scaramuzza, “Introduction to autonomous mobile robots”, Second Edition, MIT Press, 2011. 

2. Sebastian Thrun, Wolfram Burgard, and Dieter Fox, “Probabilistic Robotics”, MIT Press, 2005. 

3. Howie Choset et al., “Principles of Robot Motion: Theory, Algorithms, and Implementations”, A Bradford Book, 2005. 

4. Gregory Dudek and Michael Jenkin, “Computational Principles of Mobile Robotics”, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2010. 

5. Maja J. Mataric, “The Robotics Primer”, MIT Press, 2007.

AP7014 OPTICAL COMPUTING

AP7014 OPTICAL COMPUTING

UNIT I OPTICAL COMPUTING PRINCIPLES

Non Von-Neuman architecture, various forms of parallel processing, SLM, LEDs, Lasers and Photo detectorsarrays, Holographic techniques, Optical storage devices. 

UNIT II DIGITAL LOGIC

Symbolic substitution, Image computing, Cellular logic, Boolean logic, Cellular arrays, Cellular hyper cubes, conventional hyper cube, Binary stack coded arithmetic, Binary Row coded, Binary symbol, Coded arithmetic multilevellogicprocessing. 

UNIT III OPTICAL COMPUTING ELEMENTS

ß switches, Machzender interferometeric logic elements for Boolean functions, Acousto optic; optical matrixmultipliers, Non linear opticalswitchesas memories. 

UNIT IV ANALOG OPTICAL COMPUTING

Linear opticprocessing, Analog optical arithmatics. Recognition byanalog optical system.

UNIT V DIGITAL OPTICAL COMPUTING

Devices, Shadow casting, Symbolic substitution, Optical matrix processing, Optical linear neural network. Nonlinearnetwork.

REFERENCES: 

1. A.Karim Mohammed and A.S.Abdul Awwall, Optical computing-An introduction, John Wiley, New York, 1992. 

2. Mc. Aulay Alastair.D, Optical Computer Architecture: The Application of optical concepts to next generation computers, JohnWiley, New York, 1991. 

3. Dror Feitelsen,Optical Computing, MIT press, Cambridge, 1988.

AP7013 PATTERN RECOGNITION

AP7013 PATTERN RECOGNITION

UNIT I PATTERN CLASSIFIER

Overview of Pattern recognition – Discriminant functions – Supervised learning – Parametric estimation – Maximum Likelihood Estimation – Bayesian parameter Estimation – Problems with Bayes approach– Pattern classification by distance functions – Minimum distance pattern classifier. 

UNIT II CLUSTERING

Clustering for unsupervised learning and classification – Clustering concept – C Means algorithm – Hierarchical clustering – Graph theoretic approach to pattern Clustering – Validity of Clusters.

UINT III FEATURE EXTRACTION AND STRUCTURAL PATTERN RECOGNITION

KL Transforms – Feature selection through functional approximation – Binary selection -Elements of formal grammars - Syntactic description - Stochastic grammars - Structural representation. . 

UNIT IV   HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

State Machines – Hidden Markov Models – Training – Classification – Support vector Machine – Feature Selection.

UNIT V     RECENT ADVANCES

Fuzzy logic – Fuzzy Pattern Classifiers – Pattern Classification using Genetic Algorithms – Case Study Using Fuzzy Pattern Classifiers and Perception.

REFERENCES: 

1.  M. Narasimha Murthy and V. Susheela Devi, “Pattern Recognition”, Springer 2011. 

2. S.Theodoridis and K.Koutroumbas, “Pattern Recognition”, 4th Ed., Academic Press, 2009. 

3.  Robert J.Schalkoff, “Pattern Recognition Statistical, Structural and Neural Approaches”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1992. 

4.  C.M.Bishop, “Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning”, Springer, 2006. 

5.  R.O.Duda, P.E.Hart and D.G.Stork, “Pattern Classification”, John Wiley, 2001 

6.  Andrew Webb, “Stastical Pattern Recognition”, Arnold publishers, London,1999.

AP7012 NANO ELECTRONICS

AP7012 NANO ELECTRONICS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO NANOELECTRONICS

Microelectronics towards biomolecule electronics-Particles and waves- Wave-particle duality- Wave mechanics- Schrödinger wave equation- Wave mechanics of particles: - Atoms and atomic orbitalsMaterials for nanoelectronics- Semiconductors- Crystal lattices: Bonding in crystals- Electron energy bands- Semiconductor heterostructures- Lattice-matched and pseudomorphic heterostructuresInorganic-organic heterostructures- Carbon nanomaterials: nanotubes and fullerenes 

UNIT II      FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

Growth, fabrication, and measurement techniques for nanostructures- Bulk crystal and heterostructure growth- Nanolithography, etching, and other means for fabrication of nanostructures and nanodevices- Techniques for characterization of nanostructures- Spontaneous formation and ordering of nanostructures- Clusters and nanocrystals- Methods of nanotube growth- Chemical and biological methods for nanoscale fabrication- Fabrication of nano-electromechanical systems 

UNIT III     PROPERTIES

Dielectrics-Ferroelectrics-Electronic Properties and Quantum Effects-Magnetoelectronics – Magnetism and Magnetotransport in Layered Structures-Organic Molecules – Electronic Structures, Properties, and Reactions-Neurons – The Molecular Basis of their Electrical Excitability-Circuit and System Design- Analysis by Diffraction and Fluorescence Methods-Scanning Probe Techniques 

UNIT IV NANO STRUCTURE DEVICES

Electron transport in semiconductors and nanostructures- Time and length scales of the electrons in solids- Statistics of the electrons in solids and nanostructures- Density of states of electrons in nanostructures- Electron transport in nanostructures-Electrons in traditional low-dimensional structures- Electrons in quantum wells- Electrons in quantum wires- Electrons in quantum dotsNanostructure devices- Resonant-tunneling diodes- Field-effect transistors- Single-electron-transfer devices- Potential-effect transistors- Light-emitting diodes and lasers- Nano-electromechanical system devices- Quantum-dot cellular automata

UNIT V   LOGIC DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS

Logic Devices-Silicon MOSFETs-Ferroelectric Field Effect Transistors-Quantum Transport Devices Based on Resonant Tunneling-Single-Electron Devices for Logic Applications-Superconductor Digital Electronics-Quantum Computing Using Superconductors-Carbon Nanotubes for Data ProcessingMolecular Electronics

REFERENCES: 

1. Vladimir V. Mitin, Viatcheslav A. Kochelap, Michael A. Stroscio, “Introduction to Nanoelectronics: Science, Nanotechnology, Engineering, and Applications”, Cambridge  University Press 2011 

2. Supriyo Datta,“Lessons from Nanoelectronics: A New Perspective on Transport”, World Scientific 2012 

3. George W. Hanson,“Fundamentals of Nanoelectronics”, Pearson 2009 

4. Korkin, Anatoli; Rosei, Federico (Eds.), “Nanoelectronics and Photonics”,Springer 2008 

5. Mircea Dragoman, Daniela Dragoman, “Nanoelectronics: principles and devices”, CRC Press 2006 6. Karl Goser, Peter Glösekötter, Jan Dienstuhl,“Nanoelectronics and Nanosystems: From Transistors to Molecular and Quantum Devices“, Springer 2004 

7. W. R. Fahrner, Nanotechnology and Nan electronics: Materials, Devices, Measurement Techniques (SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005) 

8. Mark A. Reed, Takhee Lee,“Molecular nanoelectronics”, American Scientific Publishers 2003 

9. Jaap Hoekstra, “Introduction to Nanoelectronic Single-Electron Circuit Design”, Pan Stanford Publishing 2010 

10. W. Ranier,“Nano Electronics and Information Technology”, John Wiley & Sons 2012

AP7011 PHOTONICS

AP7011 PHOTONICS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO PHOTONICS

Nature of Light –Wave and light terminology, Maxwell equation, light spectra and sources, absorption and emission, black body radiation. Geometric Optics – Light as a ray, law of reflection including plane mirrors, law of refraction including optical fiber applications, prisms and thin lenses including Lensmaker’s equation, Lens problems and optical instruments using the thin lens equation. 

UNIT II WAVE OPTICS

Wave descriptive terminology, wave superposition (interference) including double – slit interference, diffraction and diffraction gratings, interference applications, eg. Michelson, Mach Zender and Fabry Perot interferometers, Thin film interference and Fiber Bragg Gratings. Diffraction Effects including: airy disk, near far field effects. Polarization principles including scattering, reflection and birefringence. 

UNIT III LASERS

Introduction to Lasers – Basic terminology and theory of operation including specific requirements, principal types of lasers. Laser radiation hazards including effects on the eye and skin. Laser safety standards and hazard classifications. Laser safety precautions and protective measures 

UNIT IV HOLOGRAPHY 

Holography – Theory and basic principles, Requirement to record and reconstruct holograms – Experimental techniques- Recording Materials-Reflection holography and applications-Holographic interoferrometry-Nondestructive testing, optical memory." 

UNIT V NON-LINEAR OPTICS 

 Non-linear optics – Harmonic Generation, sum and difference frequency generation, wave mixing, Optical Parametric Oscillator. Non-linear optic materials – inorganic and organic. Phase matching, efficiency of harmonic generation- powder and single crystal methods. Methods of determination of harmonic coefficients – Z-scan and Electrical Field Induced Second Harmonic. Phase conjugationSilicon Photonics-Silicon on Insulator Photonics-Fabrication of Silicon Waveguides" 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bahaa E. A. Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich, “Fundamentals of Photonics”, John Wiley & Sons 2011 

2. T.P. Pearsall, “Photonics Essentials: An introduction with experiments”, McGraw Hill 2003 

3. F.G. Smit and T.A. King, “Optics and Photonics: An introduction”, Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2003 

4. B. Balkrishna Laud, “Lasers and Non-Linear Optics”, New Age International  2011 

5. R.S. Quimby, “Photonics and Lasers-An Introduction”, Wiley 2006 

6. R. Menzel, “Photonics”, Springer-Verlag 2007 

7. F.A. Jenkins and H.E. White, “Fundamentals of Optics”, McGraw Hill 1976 

8. Yariv Yeh and Pochi Yeh, “Photonics – Optical Electronics in Modern Communications”, 6th Eition, Oxford University Press 2012 

9. Abdul Al-Azzawi, “Photonics: Principles and Practices”, CRC Press 2007 

10. Graham T. Reed, Andrew P. Knights, “Silicon Photonics: An Introduction”, John Wiley & Sons 2004.

VL7301 TESTING OF VLSI CIRCUITS

VL7301 TESTING OF VLSI CIRCUITS

UNIT I TESTING AND FAULT MODELLING

Introduction to testing – Faults in Digital Circuits – Modelling of faults – Logical Fault Models – Fault detection – Fault Location – Fault dominance – Logic simulation – Types of simulation – Delay models – Gate Level Event – driven simulation. 

UNIT II TEST GENERATION

Test generation for combinational logic circuits – Testable combinational logic circuit design – Test generation for sequential circuits – design of testable sequential circuits. 

UNIT III DESIGNFOR TESTABILITY

 Design for Testability – Ad-hoc design – generic scan based design – classical scan based design – system level DFT approaches. 

UNIT IV      SELF – TEST AND TEST ALGORITHMS

Built-In self Test – test pattern generation for BIST – Circular BIST – BIST Architectures – Testable Memory Design – Test Algorithms – Test generation for Embedded RAMs. 

UNIT V FAULT DIAGNOSIS

Logical Level Diagnosis – Diagnosis by UUT reduction – Fault Diagnosis for Combinational Circuits – Self-checking design – System Level Diagnosis.

REFERENCES: 

1. M.Abramovici, M.A.Breuer and A.D. Friedman, “Digital systems and Testable Design”, Jaico Publishing House,2002. 

2. P.K. Lala, “Digital Circuit Testing and Testability”, Academic Press, 2002. 

3. M.L.Bushnell and V.D.Agrawal, “Essentials of Electronic Testing for Digital, Memory and MixedSignal VLSI Circuits”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. 

4. A.L.Crouch, “Design Test for Digital IC’s and Embedded Core Systems”, Prentice Hall International, 2002.

NC7101 HIGHPERFORMANCE NETWORKS

NC7101 HIGHPERFORMANCE NETWORKS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION

Review of OSI, TCP/IP; Multiplexing, Modes of Communication, Switching, Routing. SONET – DWDM– DSL – ISDN –BISDN,ATM. 

UNIT II MULTIMEDIA NETWORKING APPLICATIONS

Streaming stored Audio and Video – Best effort service – protocols for real time interactive applications – Beyond best effort – scheduling and policing mechanism – integrated services – RSVP- differentiated services. 

UNIT III ADVANCED NETWORKS CONCEPTS

VPN-Remote-Access VPN, site-to-site VPN, Tunneling to PPP, Security in VPN.MPLS- operation, Routing, Tunneling and use of FEC, Traffic Engineering, MPLS based VPN, overlay networksP2P connections. 

UNIT IV TRAFFIC MODELLING

Little’s theorem, Need for modeling , Poisson modeling and its failure, Non- poisson models, Network performance evaluation. 

UNIT V NETWORK SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT

Principles of cryptography – Authentication – integrity – key distribution and certification – Access control and: fire walls – attacks and counter measures – security in many layers. Infrastructure for network management – The internet standard management framework – SMI, MIB, SNMP, Securityand administration – ASN.

REFERENCES: 

1. J.F. Kurose & K.W. Ross,”Computer Networking- A top down approach featuring the internet”, Pearson, 2nd edition, 2003. 

2. Walrand .J. Varatya, High performance communication network, Morgan Kauffman – Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd. 2nd Edition, 2000. 

3. LEOM-GarCIA,WIDJAJA, “Communication networks”, TMH seventh reprint 2002. 

4. Aunurag kumar, D. M Anjunath, Joy kuri, “Communication Networking”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1ed 2004. 

5. Hersent Gurle & petit, “IP Telephony, packet Pored Multimedia communication Systems”, Pearson education2003. 

6. Fred Halsall and Lingana Gouda Kulkarni,”Computer Networking and the Internet” fifth edition, Pearson education 2006 

7 Nader F.Mir ,Computerand CommunicationNetworks,first edition 2010 

8. Larry l.Peterson & Bruce S.David, “ComputerNetworks: A System Approach”- 1996.

VL7103 SOLID STATE DEVICE MODELING AND SIMULATION

VL7103 SOLID STATE DEVICE MODELING AND SIMULATION

UNIT I           MOSFET DEVICE PHYSICS

MOSFET capacitor, Basic operation, Basic modeling, Advanced MOSFET modeling, RF modeling of MOS transistors, Equivalent circuit representation of MOS transistor, Highfrequency behavior of MOS transistor and A.C small signal modeling, model parameter extraction, modeling parasitic BJT, Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors. 

UNIT II DEVICE MODELLING

Prime importance of circuit and device simulations in VLSI; Nodal, mesh, modified nodal and hybrid analysis equations. Solution of network equations: Sparse matrix techniques, solution of nonlinear networks through Newton-Raphson technique, convergence and stability. 

UNIT III MULTISTEP METHODS: 

Solution of stiff systems of equations, adaptation of multistep methods to the solution of electrical networks, general purpose circuit simulators. 

UNIT IV MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES FOR DEVICE SIMULATIONS:

Poisson equation, continuity equation, drift-diffusion equation, Schrodinger equation, hydrodynamic equations, trap rate, finite difference solutions to these equations in 1D and 2D space, grid generation. 

UNIT V SIMULATION OF DEVICES

Computation of characteristics of simple devices like p-n junction, MOS capacitor and MOSFET; Small-signal analysis.

REFERENCES: 

1. Arora, N., “MOSFET Models for VLSI Circuit Simulation”, Springer-Verlag, 1993 

2. Selberherr, S., “Analysis and Simulation of Semiconductor Devices”, Springer-Verlag., 1984 

3. Fjeldly, T., Yetterdal, T. and Shur, M., “Introduction to Device Modeling and Circuit Simulation”, Wiley-Interscience., 1997 

4. Grasser, T., “Advanced Device Modeling and Simulation”, World Scientific Publishing Company., 2003 

5. Chua, L.O. and Lin, P.M., “Computer-Aided Analysis of Electronic Circuits: Algorithms and Computational Techniques”, Prentice-Hall., 1975 

6. Trond Ytterdal, Yuhua Cheng and Tor A. Fjeldly Wayne Wolf, “Device Modeling for Analog and RF CMOS Circuit Design”, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

AP7010 DATA CONVERTERS

AP7010 DATA CONVERTERS

UNIT I SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUITS

Sampling switches, Conventional open loop and closed loop sample and hold architecture, Open loop architecture with miller compensation, multiplexed input architectures, recycling architecture switched capacitorarchitecture. 

UNIT II SWITCHED CAPACITOR CIRCUITS AND COMPARATORS

Switched-capacitor amplifiers, switched capacitor integrator, switched capacitor common mode feedback. Single stage amplifier as comparator, cascaded amplifier stages as comparator, latched comparators.

UNIT III DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION

Performance metrics, reference multiplication and division, switching and logic functions in DAC, Resistor ladder DAC architecture, current steering DAC architecture. 

UNIT IV ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

Performance metric, Flash architecture, Pipelined Architecture, Successive approximation architecture, Time interleaved architecture. 

UNIT V PRECISION TECHNIQUES

Comparator offset cancellation, Op Amp offset cancellation, Calibration techniques, range overlap and digital correction. 

REFERENCE: 1. Behzad Razavi, “Principles of data conversion system design”, S. Chand and company Ltd, 2000.

VL7101 VLSI SIGNAL PROCESSING

VL7101 VLSI SIGNAL PROCESSING

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 6 Overview of DSP – FPGA Technology – DSP Technology requirements – Design Implementation.

UNIT II METHODS OF CRITICAL PATH REDUCTION

Binary Adders – Binary Multipliers – Multiply-Accumulator (MAC) and sum of product (SOP) – Pipelining and parallel processing – retiming – unfolding – systolic architecture design. 

UNIT III     ALGORITHMIC STRENGTH REDUCTION METHODS AND RECURSIVE FILTER DESIGN

Fast convolution-pipelined and parallel processing of recursive and adaptive filters – fast IIR filters design. 

UNIT IV DESIGN OF PIPELINED DIGITAL FILTERS

Designing FIR filters – Digital lattice filter structures – bit level arithmetic architecture – redundant arithmetic – scaling and round-off noise. 

UNIT V SYNCHRONOUS ASYNCHRONOUS PIPELINING AND PROGRAMMABLE DSP

Numeric strength reduction – synchronous – wave and asynchronous pipelines – low power design – programmable DSPs – DSP architectural features/alternatives for high performance and low power.

REFERENCES: 

1. Keshab K.Parhi, “VLSI Digital Signal Processing Systems, Design and Implementation”, John Wiley, Indian Reprint, 2007. 

2. U. Meyer – Baese, "Digital Signal Processing with Field Programmable Arrays", Springer, Second Edition, Indian Reprint, 2007. 

3. S.Y.Kuang, H.J. White house, T. Kailath, “VLSI and Modern Signal Processing”, Prentice Hall, 1995.

VL7005 PHYSICAL DESIGN OF VLSI CIRCUITS

VL7005 PHYSICAL DESIGN OF VLSI CIRCUITS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO VLSI TECHNOLOGY

Layout Rules-Circuit abstraction Cell generation using programmable logic array transistor chaining, Wein Berger arrays and gate matrices-layout of standard cells gate arrays and sea of gates, field programmable gate array(FPGA)-layout methodologies Packaging-Computational ComplexityAlgorithmic Paradigms

UNIT II            PLACEMENT USING TOP-DOWN APPROACH

Partitioning: Approximation of Hyper Graphs with Graphs, Kernighan-Lin HeuristicRatiocut- partition with capacity and i/o constrants.Floor planning: Rectangular dual floor planning- hierarchial approachsimulated annealing- Floor plan sizing Placement: Cost function- force directed method- placement by simulated annealing partitioning placement- module placement on a resistive network – regular placementlinear placement. 

UNIT III             ROUTING USING TOP DOWN APPROACH

Fundamentals: Maze Running- line searching- Steiner trees Global Routing: Sequential Approacheshierarchial approaches- multicommodity flow based techniques- Randomised Routing- One Step approach- Integer Linear Programming Detailed Routing: Channel Routing- Switch box routing.Routing in FPGA: Array based FPGA- Row based FPGAs 

UNIT IV          PERFORMANCE ISSUES IN CIRCUIT LAYOUT

Delay Models: Gate Delay Models- Models for interconnected Delay- Delay in RC trees. Timing – Driven Placement: Zero Stack Algorithm- Weight based placement- Linear Programming Approach Timing riving Routing: Delay Minimization- Click Skew Problem- Buffered Clock Trees. Minimization: constrained via Minimization unconstrained via Minimization- Other issues in minimization 

UNIT V    SINGLE LAYER ROUTING,CELL GENERATION AND COMPACTION

Planar subset problem(PSP)- Single Layer Global Routing- Single Layer detailed Routing-Wire length and bend minimization technique – Over The Cell (OTC) Routing Multiple chip modules(MCM)programmable Logic Arrays- Transistor chaining- Wein Burger Arrays- Gate matrix layout- 1D compaction- 2D compaction.

REFERENCES: 

1. Sarafzadeh, C.K. Wong, “An Introduction to VLSI Physical Design”, Mc Graw Hill International Edition 1995 

2. Preas M. Lorenzatti, “ Physical Design and Automation of VLSI systems”, The  Benjamin Cummins Publishers, 1998.

VL7006 ANALOG VLSIDESIGN

VL7006 ANALOG VLSIDESIGN

UNIT I BASIC CMOS CIRCUIT TECHNIQUES, CONTINUOUS TIME AND LOW VOLTAGESIGNALPROCESSING

Mixed-Signal VLSI Chips-Basic CMOS Circuits-Basic Gain Stage-Gain Boosting Techniques-Super MOS Transistor- Primitive Analog Cells-Linear Voltage-Current Converters-MOS Multipliers and Resistors-CMOS, Bipolar and Low-Voltage BiCMOS Op- Amp Design-InstrumentationAmplifier Design-LowVoltage Filters.

UNIT II BASIC BICMOS CIRCUIT TECHNIQUES, CURRENT -MODE SIGNAL PROCESSING AND NEURAL INFORMATIONPROCESSING

Continuous-Time Signal Processing-Sampled-Data Signal Processing-Switched-Current Data Converters-Practical Considerations in SI Circuits Biologically-Inspired Neural Networks Floating - Gate, Low-Power Neural Networks-CMOS Technology and Models- Design Methodology-Networks-Contrast Sensitive Silicon Retina.

UNIT III SAMPLED-DATAANALOG FILTERS, OVERSAMPLED A/D CONVERTERS AND ANALOG INTEGRATED SENSORS

First-order and Second SC Circuits-Bilinear Transformation - Cascade Design-SwitchedCapacitor Ladder Filter-Synthesis of Switched-Current Filter- Nyquist rate A/D ConvertersModulators for Over sampled A/D Conversion-First and Second Order and Multibit Sigma- Delta Modulators-Interpolative Modulators –Cascaded Architecture-Decimation Filtersmechanical,Thermal, Humidityand MagneticSensors-Sensor Interfaces. 

UNIT IV DESIGNFOR TESTABILITY AND ANALOG VLSIINTERCONNECTS

Fault modelling and Simulation - Testability-Analysis Technique-Ad Hoc Methods and General Guidelines-Scan Techniques-Boundary Scan-Built-in Self Test-Analog Test Buses- Design for Electron -Beam Testablity-Physics of Interconnects in VLSI-Scaling of Interconnects-A Model for Estimating Wiring Density-A Configurable Architecture for Prototyping Analog Circuits.

UNIT V STATISTICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION, ANALOG COMPUTERAIDED DESIGN AND ANALOG AND MIXED ANALOG-DIGITAL LAYOUT

Review of Statistical Concepts - Statistical Device Modeling- Statistical Circuit SimulationAutomation Analog Circuit Design-automatic Analog Layout-CMOS Transistor Layout- Resistor Layout-CapacitorLayout-Analog CellLayout-MixedAnalog -DigitalLayout. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Mohammed Ismail, Terri Fief, “Analog VLSI signal and Information Processing ", McGraw- Hill International Editons, 1994. 

2. Malcom R.Haskard, Lan C.May, “Analog VLSIDesign - NMOS and CMOS ", Prentice Hall, 1998. 3. Randall L Geiger, Phillip E. Allen, " Noel K.Strader, VLSI Design Techniques for Analog and Digital Circuits", Mc Graw Hill International Company, 1990. 

4. Jose E.France, YannisTsividis, “Design ofAnalog-DigitalVLSI Circuitsfor Telecommunication and signalProcessing ", Prentice Hall, 1994

Analog Vlsi Design: Nmos and Cmos (Silicon systems engineering series) (English)

(Hardcover)

VL7001 ANALOG AND MIXED MODE VLSI DESIGN

VL7001 ANALOG AND MIXED MODE VLSI DESIGN

UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND BASIC MOS DEVICES

Challenges in analog design-Mixed signal layout issues- MOS FET structures and characteristicslarge signal model – small signal model- single stage Amplifier-Source follower- Common gate stage – Cascode Stage 

UNIT II SIBMICRON CIRCUIT DESIGN

Submicron CMOS process flow, Capacitors and resistors, Current mirrors, Digital Circuit Design, Delay Elements – Adders- OP Amp parameters and Design 

UNIT III DATA CONVERTERS

Characteristics of Sample and Hold- Digital to Analog Converters- architecture-Differential Non linearity-Integral Non linearity- Voltage Scaling-Cyclic DAC-Pipeline DAC-Analog to Digital Converters- architecture – Flash ADC-Pipeline ADC-Differential Non linearity-Integral Non linearity 

UNIT IV SNR IN DATA CONVERTERS

Overview of SNR of Data Converters- Clock Jitters- Improving Using Averaging – Decimating Filters for ADC- Band pass and High Pass Sinc Filters- Interpolating Filters for DAC

UNIT V   SWITCHED CAPACITOR CIRCUITS

Resistors, First order low pass Circuit, Switched capacitor Amplifier,Switched Capacitor Integrator. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Vineetha P.Gejji Analog and Mixed Mode Design- Prentice Hall, 1st Edition , 2011 

2. JeyaGowri Analog and Mixed Mode Design- Sapna publishing House 2011

AP7009 RF SYSTEM DESIGN

AP7009 RF SYSTEM DESIGN

UNIT I            RF ISSUES 9 Importance of RF design- Electromagnetic spectrum, RF behavior of passive components, chip components and circuit board considerations, scattering parameters, smith chart and applications. 

UNIT II    RF FILTER DESIGN

Overview, Basic resonator and filter configuration, special filter realizations, smith chart based filter design, coupled filter. 

UNIT III         ACTIVE RF COMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS

RF diodes, BJT, RF FET’S, High electron mobility transistors, matching and biasing networksimpedance matching using discrete components, microstripline matching networks, amplifier classes of operation and biasing networks. 

UNIT IV RF AMPLIFIER DESIGNS

Characteristics, amplifier power relations, stability considerations, constant gain circles, constant VSWR circles, low noise circles broadband, high power and multistage amplifiers. 

UNIT V  OSCILLATORS, MIXERS & APPLICATIONS

Basic oscillator model, High Frequency oscillator configuration, basic characteristic of mixers, wireless synthesizers, phase locked loops, detector and demodulator circuits. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Reinhold Ludwig and Powel  Bretchko, RF Circuit Design –Theory and Applications, Pearson Education Asia, First Edition, 2001. 

2. Joseph. J. Carr, Secrets of RF Circuit Design , McGraw Hill Publishers, Third Edition, 2000. 

3. Mathew M. Radmanesh, Radio Frequency & Microwave Electronics, Pearson Education Asia, Second Edition, 2002. 

4. Ulrich L. Rohde and David P. NewKirk, RF / Microwave Circuit Design, John Wiley & Sons USA 2000. 

5. Roland E. Best, Phase - Locked Loops: Design, simulation and applications, McGraw Hill Publishers 5TH edition 2003.